Critical Sources For The Pollution - 1207 Words

Critical Source for the Pollution When there is a pasture that can be used freely, all the farmers who raise cows would bring as much cows as they can to feed them and take a benefit from it. Without rule or law it is human’s nature to behave selfishly and try to get more advantage for oneself. According to Hardin’s article, â€Å"The tragedy of the commons†, he addresses that commons in our society exists in many different ways and these commons are becoming tragedy to our lives. This tragedy, acting rationally to consult one’s own self-interest, will deplete limited resources that we have. Although acting as such is one’s freedom; however Hardin suggests the solution is to take action to remove freedom from our life. This tragedy of commons has very huge connection with the pollution. According to Hardin, â€Å"tragedy of commons appears in pollution by people putting chemicals, radioactive, heat wastes into water, and dangerous fumes into the ai r†. Since air and water are not readily be fenced that Hardin argues that for these causes must be prevented by different means such as polluter must be administered by the law or taxing devices (Hardin). Nevertheless world gaze steadily with the environmental pollution and whom causes the pollution; however it is hard to measure the penal regulations or supervise such activities. In this essay, I would like to discuss two main pollutions: water pollution, air pollution caused by people acting rationally consulting their own self-interestShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution Is Responsible For The Deaths Of More Than 7 Million People Globally1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthis research paper is air pollution. Simply put, air pollution may be defined as the introduction of harmful materials such as particles or/ and biological molecules into the earth’s surface. The materials that are introduced in the earth’s atmosphere are harmful in the sense of having the potency to cause death and disease to humans, and flora and fauna. Apart from this fact, the earth’s atmosphere is a complexity of gaseous system that occurs naturally and is critical for the sustenance of lifeRead More A Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Program1378 Words   |  6 PagesA Cleaner Future: A Comprehensive Pollution Prevention and Reduction Program Introduction Pollution is a major problem globally and it becomes greater as the human population continues to rise exponentially. One of the major problems with increased population is higher waste production, which creates increased air, soil, and water pollution. To resolve this problem waste reduction must be of primary importance in preventing and reducing pollution. Waste management can be an expensive undertakingRead MorePreparing A Pollution Prevention Audit1215 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy will identify, for the purpose, to prepare a pollution prevention audit aimed at portable space heaters. Each pollution prevention audit should be conducted in accordance with a written plan and could be designed to identify and prevent problems and to improve compliance with statutes, regulations, permits, and orders (Ashby, 2013). As a way to enhance pollution protection and quality, endorsement of a Pollution Prevention Audit Act is critical. This act would be designed to provide incentivesRead MoreWater Pollution in the Philippines1282 Words   |  6 PagesAyaka Okura 12121053 Evelyn Naoumi Academic Writing 1 Water Pollution In The Philippines The Philippines is an archipelago, which means it is made up of a group of islands and is rich in bodies of water such as the oceans, rivers, and lakes. However, according to the data released by Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA) in 2005, 42.89% of the waters in the Philippines are contaminated. These contaminated waters have not only been continuously harming people, but also the aquaticRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollutants On The Environment866 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause their compounds and the environment in which they pollute are different. Every pollutant has a source, pathway and sink. The source determines where the pollutant came from, the pathway is the route that the pollutant takes to reach different parts of the environment and the sink is the place of distribution or accumulation (Holdgate, 1979). A pollutant can have a single source or multiple sources and could take several pathways. Pollutants can have acute or chronic effects, which depend on theRead MoreAquatic Ecology : The Science Of Ecology1555 Words   |  7 Pagesfreshwater and marine ecology. Understanding aquatic ecosystems is critical since water is the building block to the survival of all life on earth. Aquatic ecology includes the study of aquatic environments including oceans, lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, and streams. Every organism needs energy to live, grow and reproduce. In aquatic ecology, biologists classify organisms as to how they obtain energy and food. Sunlight is the primary source of energy used by organisms on the earth s surface. ThereRead MoreEssay about The Hazards of Ocean Pollution803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hazards of Ocean Pollution Basic Facts Ocean Pollution is a serious issue in todays global politics. The delicate balance of Earths ecosystem is put in jeopardy when the ocean is not clean. Problem evolving from ocean pollution directly harm marine life and indirectly affect human health and the Earths many valuable resources. Ocean Pollution is a Broad term that encpompasses any and all foregin matter that directly or indirectly makes its way into the ocean. This includes everythingRead MoreWater Pollution Is Essential For Life And A Basic Need For All Humans1526 Words   |  7 PagesClean water is essential for life and a basic need for all humans. Water pollution is the destruction of water quality due to the addition of chemical or biological contents which cause detrimental effects to the life of humans, animals, and plants, making it unsuitable for use. The use of polluted water causes harm, disease, or death to living beings. Control measures and management are needed to reduce these effects, but at what cost? Cle an drinking water in some parts of the world boils down toRead MoreSwitching Of Solar Power : A Alternative Energy Choice1063 Words   |  5 Pagesgrows, this increases the amount of pollution as well as disasters-massive power outages and catastrophic oil spills. The inefficient methods of fossil fuel production coupled with increased power demands are polluting the air, land, and water; creating unhealthy economies and ecosystems. Harnessing renewable alternative energy from nature is a smarter, dependable, and generous source of power that is non-polluting and will be available when current power sources are unavailable. Solar power is aRead MoreAir and Water Pollutants982 Words   |  4 PagesAir and Water Pollutants Environmental pollution has become a key concern for the environmentalists in the recent years. The amount of undesired and harmful substances introduced into the environment has been on a steady rise; this situation has driven UNEP, WHO and other organizations to issue warnings on impending disaster if nothing is done. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary depending on the manner that they are injected into the environment. In this paper, air and

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Schizophrenia, And...

The Uninvited is the typical horror-thriller style movie. It has a good set of characters, an intriguing plot and an absolutely crazy ending. It makes for a very entertaining movie for the lay person to enjoy, but what if someone looks deeper into the movie? This movie is full of twists, turns, and psychological disorders. The main character in the movie, Anna, witnessed her mother dying. From this tragic event, she developed multiple psychological disorders. The main three that this paper will be elaborating on are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder. All three of these are very serious, but all in there own way. First, there is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, also known as PTSD. This is a disease that develops after a terrible event happens in the victim’s life. Some of the main symptoms of PTSD include reliving the incident, including flashbacks, nightmares and triggers, avoiding the situation including places and other incident s where they face similar situations, and feeling keyed up, including having a hard time concentrating and sleeping (Besser 2015). In the movie, the main character, Anna, watches her family’s boathouse explode, killing her mother. This is a tragic event that stuck in her. This event caused her to have PTSD. Throughout the movie, she has nightmares about the night that she watched the boathouse explode. When she sees Rachel, her dad’s new fiancà ©, this triggers her to think about the night it allShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Essay819 Words   |  4 Pagesis insane, but the specifics of his conditions help explain the peculiarities of the play. Macbeth’s character was perhaps the culmination of all the psychological disorders known at Shakespeare’s day. He experienced disorders such as split personality, schizophrenia, and post traumatic stress. These disorders could be caused by stress on the battlefield and a poor spousal relationship. After Macbeth is diagn osed with said conditions the existence of Banquo, the witches, the murderers, and FleanceRead MorePsychological Disorders And Obsessive Compulsive Disorder1123 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological disorder or mental disorder is a mind imbalance involving behaviors, thoughts and emotions that cause significant distress to self or other. Great distress means that the person is unable to meet their needs, is a danger to himself and others, or the person is unable to function properly. There are various categories of psychological disorders including, anxiety disorder, somatoform disorder, dissociative disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, personalityRead MoreNature Of Symptoms And Diagnosis1694 Words   |  7 Pagesmovie never specifies what Teddy’s diagnosis was, Dissociative Identity Disorder is the primary disorder that he should be diagnosed with and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder should be secondary. Dissociative Identity Disorder is charact erized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The multiple personalities differ in many areas including affect, behavior, memory, perception, cognition, and sensory and motor function. The disorder causes great distress and/or impairment in the individualRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Schizophrenia893 Words   |  4 Pagesthat mental disorders such as dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia are the same. Today’s society often see all mental disorders as one, however, they are very much different. If one was to say someone with multiple personalities is the same as someone who has hallucinations and/or has delusions, they are incorrect, which is why in specific cases such as schizophrenia, the legal term â€Å"not guilty due to mental disorder† should be valid. Schizophrenia, unlike most disorders, is a standoutRead MoreEvaluation Is Not Qualified For Conduct Psychological Evaluations985 Words   |  4 Pageswith Schizophrenia. According to Bressert (2016), â€Å"Schizophrenia  is a mental disorder that is characterized by  at least 2  of the following   symptoms, for at least one month, delusion, hallucinations , disorganized speech.† Andrew created the character of Edward â€Å"Teddy† Daniels because he cannot live with himself as Andrew, he has delusions that he thinks he is a war hero instead of a murderer, he experiences visual hallucinations of his wife. Andrew also suffers from Dissociative Identity DisorderRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Social Anxiety1372 Words   |  6 Pagesexactly these people are going through. Mental illnesses such as dissociative identity disorder, social anxiety, bipolarism, post traumatic stress disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder make some people stand out. They make the lives of people who have them very difficult and stressful. They do understand though when people are being mean; they might not understand why, but they know you’re not being kind. Dissociative identity disorder is an illness that takes place when two or more distinctly differentRead MorePsychological Disorders Essay543 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom normal behavior. These are known as psychological disorders. These disorders come in many forms but all will have large effects on a person’s life. One of the types of psychological disorders is anxiety disorders. These disorders are broken down into five categories: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). All of these categories describe disorders in which a person displays extreme fear or nervousnessRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder and Abuse The condition once known as multiple personality disorder (MPD) is a very real psychological phenomenon that until recently was mis-understood and often mis-diagnosed. Dissociative identity disorder, DID, as we now call it, is a mental illness where a persons thoughts, feelings, and memories are scattered throughout two or more separate personalities within the victims mind (Appelbaum 107). In 1973 perhaps the worlds most famous psychiatricRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder970 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) is a severe condition in which two or more dissimilar identities, or character states, are present and alternately take control of an individual. The person experiences memory loss that is vaguely extensive to be explained as common forgetfulness. These symptoms are not taken in consideration for by seizures, substance abuse or any other medical conditions. Description of DID: Symptoms: Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with it

Ottoman Empire free essay sample

Ottoman Empire Essay In the late thirteenth century a new group of Turks under their leader began to build power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Peninsula. The land they had acquired had been given to them by the Seljuk Turks rulers for helping them defend their lands against the Mongols. When the Seljuk Turks began to decline in the early fourteenth century, the Osman Turks began to expand. This was the beginning of the Ottoman Dynasty. But after all the prosperity and Joyfulness the ttomans started to decline The Ottoman Empires high point was under SÃ'Ëœleyman the magnificent, which ruled from 1520 to 1566. Problems also began during this time but didnt become visible until 1699, when the empire began to lose land. But, after he killed 2 of his most able sons on suspicious of treason, then his only surviving son, Selim II, succeeded him. After the death of sul ©yman, sultans became less involved in Gov. We will write a custom essay sample on Ottoman Empire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and allowed their ministers to exercise more power. After members of the elite soon formed a privileged group seeking wealth and ower. The central bureaucracy lost its links with rural areas. As a result, local officials grew corrupt, and taxes rose. Also, Two economic factors that hurt the Ottomans were both coming from the Age of Exploration then taking place. Portuguese circumnavigation around Africa to India had opened a new spice route to Asia. Therefore, the Turks lost their monopoly on the spice trade going to Europe, which cost them a good deal of much needed money. The other problem came from the Spanish Empire in the Americas that were bringing a huge import of gold and ilver to Europe. This inflation, combined with the other factors hurting the empires revenues, led to serious economic decline. The Decline went slowly and painfully and hurt the ottomans financially and physically. They were at the highest point one of the best and biggest empire there has ever been. Their leader sÃ'Ëœleyman the magnificent was a brilliant military strategist and more than doubling the landholdings he inherited from his father. After he was succeeded it stated to decline and never was the same.

How Long Can a Teacher Teach Before He Becomes Stale free essay sample

A discussion on the importance of teachers learning new skills and applying these newly learned skills in the classroom. This paper looks at the ideas of whether teachers should be made to go back into learning to gain a new license after a period of time and also looks at how their time can best be used with initiating new forms and methods in the classroom. In many cases the end of the course many be the end of the job with those individual pupils for a teacher. The process has been seen through from start to finish, with imagination, innovation, understanding and tolerance used at all stages. In many ways it may indeed be these qualities that are most important in a teacher rather than the technical skills, as with these skills the technical ability can be learnt. (Mueller and Dweck, 1998). Teaching is not just a career it is a vocation, and as a vocation, it would be almost impossible to teach those core non-technical abilities to non skilled people, yet it with this in mind with a renewed structure of re education for teachers new ideas can perspectives can be placed into the forum with a new eagerness after a break from the classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on How Long Can a Teacher Teach Before He Becomes Stale? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Child Labor Essays (1314 words) - Childrens Rights,

Child Labor Child Labor Child labor refers to the economic active population under the age of 15 years employed in various industries (Grootaert, 2). According to the Microsoft Encarta, child labor is now used to denote the employment of minors in work that may interfere with their education or endanger their health (IPEC, 1). Child labor has grown to be a topic of widespread debate. It has many favorable and unfavorable points of view. In any case, child labor should be eradicated as it is harmful to the health of the children, it is an obstacle to their education, and it denies them a happy childhood. Child labor is common in agriculture, domestic service, the sex industry, the carpet and textile industries, quarrying and brick making in countries in Asia and Africa (IPEC, 1). Employers in these industries buy children from their debtors or through the labor contractors (1). Sometimes children work to help pay off a loan incurred by the family (Grootaert, 2; IPEC, 1). In some cases the parents give their children to outsiders to work without pay in exchange for better living conditions in wealthy houses (IPEC, 1). Child labor also results from the system of apprenticeship, in which a child is sent to work to learn a trade. But actually they work more than they learn (Grootaert, 5). Child labor has hostile consequences on the health of the children (Parker, 1). Children work in conditions that may endanger their health such as in stone quarries, tanning leather, and electroplating metals. They work without any protective clothing or equipment (1). Children in different occupations face different fatal diseases. Children employed in stone cutting, brick factories, granite quarries and slate factories face the risk of silicosis caused from exposure to silica (1). Tuberculosis is another disease faced by children in pottery related industries (1). These children also suffer from malnutrition due to their poor living conditions. Child laborers work for most of the time. In some cases they work for 16 hours a day (Child labor, 1). This deprives the child from time to seek education, which is essential for the overall development and future progress of the child. Some children are bound by their employers as slaves and have to work all the time. In some cases the poverty of the household and low level of parental education are responsible for child labor (Grootaert, 3). The value of education is less important to the parents than the income the child earns for them. In the present money-oriented environment, the parents consider putting their child to work a better education method than schooling as work assures survival and better future prospects (3). This is due to the failure of many graduates to get a job, which is evident from the high level of unemployment existing among them. Kemmer Agiobou quotes, Education broadens your mind but it does not teach you how to survive.(3) Children working as child laborers are denied a happy childhood. Numerous children in countries of Asia and Africa have to work throughout the day for money or for a monetary obligation of their parents (IPEC, 1). Young boys are put into agriculture and other activities as soon they are old enough to perform the tasks (Grootaert, 3). Girls are made to do household and domestic work as soon as they learn to do them (3). This leaves the child with little or no time for recreation. These children do not get time to play with other children of the same age group. Their friends are children they work with and not whom they play with. They even have little time to seek the love and affection of their parents. On the other hand, these children share the burden of financial responsibility with their parents. They face various health problems in their childhood. These children have to suffer physical and mental job stress at a very young age (2). Malnutrition is widespread among child laborer s. They also receive less or no education compared to their rich counterparts. They are made to do menial and low level jobs that hurt their self-esteem at a very young age. This may hamper their normal development. Child labor has certain positive aspects also. It is the only

Attention Shoppers!

Attention Shoppers! "Attention Shoppers! The store will close at twelve due to the session!" It was the night before Christmas and I had one last present to buy for my mom. I had already got the rest of my family's presents and I had less then 30 minutes to get the last gift. The store was full everywhere I turned there was someone bumping my shoulder. I went to the jewelry department I did not have a lot of money to work with ($15.74 to be exact). I was looking for something that would mean a lot to my mom.As I was browsing through the jewelry department I stumbled past a display of gold rings. When I started to look through them I thought it was hopeless since most of them were men rings. All of a sudden I stopped and stared at the most perfect ring. It was gold with a mother and her son holding hands.I Am a WalletAll was good until I checked the price tag. It read $20.99. At this time I felt like all was lost. As I started to walk away I noticed a saint of a sign. The sign spoke of a 50 percent sale on all jewelry. Without thinking I turned around and took the ring to a register. This was all so perfect and there was but fifteen minutes left for the store to closed and I had all my shopping done. When I got to the register I placed the ring on the counter and waited for my tally, I reached for my wallet when all I found was pocket lint. My wallet had been picked pocketed. After settling down from the shock of my wallet gone missing, I went to put the ring back. On the way back thoughts were going...

Currency crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Currency crisis - Essay Example However, his academic excellence and outstanding performance in various portfolios he has held proves his critics wrong (Blackden 2012). The responsibility of salvaging the United Kingdom’s currency crisis will be his primary responsibility as the governor of the Central Bank of England. Blackden’s article in The Telegraph highlights some of the attributes that Mark Carney possess that makes him a good choice for the position. The article clearly outlines possible ways that economists think Mark Carney would use to restore Britain’s dwindling economy. In this way, it has proved and highlighted some of the theories proposed earlier by economists in their attempts to explain the causes and ways of minimizing currency crisis. Mark Carney has been portrayed to believe in closer supervision and maintenance of high capital requirements for large financial institutions (Blackden 2012). This is opposed to what Sir Mervyn King advocates. However, it is worth noting that u nderdevelopment of the banking sector can cause a currency crisis. This is because the central bank may focus on financing the banking sector to bail them from their financial problems at the expense of maintaining the peg (Komulainen 1999). This may bring currency instability leading to a currency crisis. ... This is aimed at making the financial system safe as the economy recovery process is being conducted. It is similar to the canonical currency-crisis model. This model as proposed by Stephen Salant asserts that speculators have tendencies of holding exhaustible resources with expectations that their prices would rise. The increase in the prices of these resources will then offer the speculators a return rate equivalent to other assets (Krugman n.d.). In this way, the exchange rates would be stabilized. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehend Blackden’s assertion on the need for Mark Carney to empower British banks to hold massive capital. New-wave theories have also explained that recent currency crises affecting various countries are as a result of the weak banking systems. Therefore, holding massive capital would imply that the banks can sustain themselves and would not need bailing from the central bank (Fourcans & Franck 2003). In this scenario, the central bank will preve nt a possible currency crisis. The article also mention that Mark Carney would urge United Kingdom’s leading companies to invest in new markets such as Brazil, China and India. Opening up and venturing into new markets would help Britain a great deal since it would steer the economy to a fast-paced recovery process (Fourcans & Franck 2003). On the other hand, venturing into foreign and emerging markets would give investors the confidence that the currency is stable; thus, they would not withdraw from the British market due to fear of imminent collapse of the economy (Fane 2000). Additionally, Mark Carney’s appointment is expected to save UK from the imminent effects of the on-going Euro zone crisis. This is because the United Kingdom depends on foreign money to fund most of its pertinent

Schoolbased HIV Prevention Programs Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schoolbased HIV Prevention Programs - Article Example The objectives of the curriculum are that students will be able to set a personal sexual limit, describe their reasons for maintaining their sexual limit, identify problems that may arise in maintaining their sexual limit and describe how they will address those problems and maintain their limit. The classroom curriculum was developed over a two year period. The researchers used theories about what students needed to postpone sexual activity, we developed activities and then tested them in the classroom. Student reactions to the lessons were observed and they were asked for comments at the end of each lesson. The Healthy Oakland Teens Project (HOT) established by the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies began providing innovative HIV prevention education in Oakland, CA in 1989. The project's goal was to reduce adolescents' risk for HIV infection by using peer role models to advocate for responsible decision making, healthy values and norms, and improved communication skills. The HOT program educated ninth grade students during a one semester, daily class to become HIV peer helpers for seventh grade students. After extensive training, the ninth grade peer helpers delivered weekly interactive sessions in seventh grade science classes, focusing on values, decision-making, communication, and prevention skills. The program trained 30 ninth grade peer helpers who in turn taught 300 seventh graders each year.A parent education program was also implemented for AIDS prevention. Saving Sex for Later is an audio CD program that educates parents about helping their sons and daughters navigate normal p ubertal changes and the challenges of becoming a teenager and supporting them in staying abstinent during the critical early adolescent years. Developed with extensive input from parents and youth, Saving Sex for Later used engaging and dramatic stories to model how parents can communicate effectively with their children. The results showed that listening to the Saving Sex for Later CDs helped parents talk to their children about puberty, romantic relationships, and delaying sexual activity. Youth whose parents received the CDs reported more family rules, greater family support, and less risky behavior.Some interventions to reduce the risk of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that target youths have resulted in short-term increases in self-reported condom use. BF Stanton et. al (1997) carried out a randomized, controlled trial of a community-based intervention delivered in eight weekly sessions which involved 76 naturally formed peer groups consisting of 383 (206 interve ntion and 177 control) African-American youths 9 to 15 years of age. A theory-based, culturally and developmentally tailored instrument that assessed perceptions, intentions, and self-reported sexual behaviors was administered to all subjects at baseline and 6 and 12 months later. At baseline, 36% of youths were sexually experienced, and by 12 months of follow-up, 49% were sexually experienced. Self-reported condom use rates were significantly higher among intervention than control youths (85% vs 61%; P

Lifestyle of blackfoot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lifestyle of blackfoot - Essay Example Buffalo hunting is their major hunting activity. â€Å"The Blackfoot Indian tribe displayed agility in hunting buffalo that outranked other tribes. Their nomadic lifestyle was aided by dogs and later horses. They seldom fought over land but were great warriors in their own right† (Blackfoot Indian Tribe). This paper analyses different aspects of Blackfoot’s life styles. Because of huge diversity in culture, the life styles of Blackfoot (Also known as Blackfeet) people are different. Different languages, clothing, hunting methods, worshipping methods, food habits and hobbies are prevailing among the Blackfoot community because of the differences in their ethnicity. â€Å"Mi'kmaq, Cree, Ojibwa, Arapaho, Shawnee, Fox, Algonquin† etc are some of the major languages in the Blackfoot community (Tribal Lifestyle, Gender Roles, Elders). â€Å"The members of a Blackfoot Indian tribe spoke a language called Pikunii. This is language was lyrical and musical to the ear with complex word formations. The language was learned by word of mouth and there was no written language† (Blackfoot Indian Tribe). ... In other words, inter-tribal marital relationship is also possible among some of the tribal groups of the Blackfoot community. â€Å"There are three main clans in the Blackfoot community: The Kainai (Many Leaders, also called the Blood); The Piikani (Amsskaapipiikani in Montana and Apatohsipiikani in southern Alberta also called the Peigan ); The Siksika (Blackfoot, also called northern Blackfoot)† (Tribal Lifestyle, Gender Roles, Elders). Even though, these clans have lot of differences in their life styles, the elements of a common culture can be seen in the life styles of these people. â€Å"Each tribe in Blackfoot community consisted of a number of hunting bands, which were the primary political units of the tribe† (Hanes & Pifer). Each hunting band may have two leaders; one for leading the group for hunting activities and the other for leading the group in other social and political activities. The hunting leader would be an expert hunter whereas the other leader w ould be a person with immense capabilities in solving the social problems. In case of any disputes occur, the final word comes from either the hunting leader or the civilian leader. During ancient period, arrows and lances were the major war weapons of the Blackfoot community. Blackfoot community had no hesitation in engaging in war with other tribal groups. They were clever warriors and their fighting spirit and better war strategy helped them to expand their territories. The Blackfoot or Siksikas were one of the most famous of the northern tribes, largely due to the fact that they were among the first to encounter and form relationships with European fur traders. Through this contact, the people of the Siksika nation became familiar with the objects, inventions and animals brought by these

Air quality in guangzhou

Air quality in guangzhou 1. Introduction Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province , is going to hold the 16th Asian Games in November 2010. Athletes and couches coming from 45 countries and regions will participate in the Asian Games which last for more than two weeks. Strongly competent as a host city (Table 1), Guangzhou is famous for its natural scenario of Baiyun Mountain and Pearl River, for its food and beverages, and for an enjoyable lifestyle. Thanks to the event, Guangzhou is now under the spotlight and attracts even more attention from both home and abroad. Table 1 Quick facts of Guangzhou (Guangzhou International 2009) Name Guangzhou / Location Southern China Climate type Subtropical monsoon climate Area 7263 km2 Population (registered residents, 2008) 7.8 million GDP per capita (2008) 11,696 USD However, there is still suspicion about the air quality of Guangzhou. Whether it can sufficiently manage the problem air pollution remains a concern. In 1970s-1980s, manufacturing industry served as an important driver for the development of Guangzhou. Nowadays, exhaust gas of automobiles has become the major source of urban air pollution (He 2009). As a result, atmospheric pollution is not a new problem for the city. To tackle this problem, the municipal government has adopted a series of approaches. It announced to invest 600 million RMB (88 million USD) to lever a total of 2.4 billion RMB within two years to tackle air pollution, and 123 factories were moved or shut down in 2009 because of their heavy pollution to the air. (Yuan 2009) Most importantly, the government issued a three-year plan (2008-2010) with detailed, quantified criteria and clearly defined responsibility is to coordinate collective action to reduce air pollution (Guangzhou Municipality 2008). In such context, this report attempts to review and analyze the recent state of air pollution in Guangzhou, as well as to evaluate its health impact on human. In the end, the report seeks to assess Guangzhous capability hold the Asian Games with satisfactory air quality. 2. Air Pollution in Guangzhou The following figure (Fig. 2) summarizes the state of air in Guangzhou for the last ten years. From 2000, severity of air pollution began to increase, and reached its peak around 2004. Since then, air condition in Guangzhou started to improve and became much better recently. According to a recent analysis (PRDAIR 2009), most part of Guangzhou has reached Grade II in terms of Regional Air Quality Index, or RAQI (Fig. 3), which means concentration of all pollutants are generally within Grade 2 of National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Note: several data points for 2000 and 2009 are missing here due to inaccessibility. Considering the representativeness and accessibility of data, this report choose SO2, NO2 and respirable suspended particulates (PM10 or RSP) as main indicators for air pollution in Guangzhou. Thanks to the citys environmental protection website which reports atmospheric information and data since 2000 (GZEP 2010), enough though not abundant data can be achieved and traced back to specific monitoring stations in the city. It should be noticed that unlike the PRDAIR research result above, the air quality data here are recorded in terms of Air Pollution Index (API), which is based on absolute concentration (e.g. mg/m3). Among these 10 monitoring stations, locations of five of them can be identified in public online mapping system (Google Maps). Considering that the Asian Games is going to be held in November, the report selected monthly average air quality data for November from 2000 to 2009, and present them with station mapping information SO2. Strong policies have greatly reduced SO2 emission, especially restricting policies on heavy industry factories. One most visible example is that 147 polluting firms in the old city centre had been either moved or shut down from 1998 to 2005. In addition, public and private investments in desulphurizing facilities for factories, heating and cooking have also decreased SO2 pollution. (Zhou 2008) By the year of 2009, SO2 concentration monitored at all the five stations are below 50, which reaches Grade II regarding the national air quality grading system. NO2. Reduction in NO2 emission is less significant than that of SO2. In Guangzhou, exhaust of automobile is the main source of NO2 emission (Zhou 2008). Despite the policy which completely bans motorbike from entering central urban area since 2007 (Guangzhou Municipality 2004), NO2 concentration increased again in 2009 after a short-term drop in 2008. Restricting motorbikes has not contributed much to overall NO2 reduction, because people enjoying an increasing income may shift from motorbikes to cars. Moreover, emission from local industry is not controlled as strictly as that of SO2 emission, which also offset the effect of motorbike ban. (Zhou 2008) PM10. Pollution of suspended particulates is relative severe. Even the lowest average level monitored (at Station 4) is above 50. PM10 is a secondary pollutant, and its generation can be traced back to automobile exhausts and industrial activities in the city (He 2009). In 2009, count of days with haze for the first half of year was 96, while for the second half was 14. It is believed that this abrupt decrease is related to aftermath of global financial crisis—reduced manufacturing activity and logistics activity. Though level of PM10 pollution in Guangzhou is lower than many Asian cities (GZEP 2010; ADB 2006), it is as high as three times of the guideline standard of World Health Organization (WHO 2006). In fact, PM10 is closely related to respiratory diseases, which is among main concerns of public health in Guangzhou. Its impact on human health will be examined in the next section. 3. Health Impact of Air Pollution On average, one person takes in 15 m3 of air per day (He 2009). Clean air is thus essential to human health. By 2008, annual average concentrations of NO2 and PM10 have both exceeded the WHO air quality guideline level, and PM10 concentration is slightly above WHOs interim target (GZEP 2010; WHO 2006). According to data from GZEP (2010), PM10 is the major pollutant of air pollution. Moreover, it has the primary health impact on human respiratory organs. A study shows that the harm done by pollution of particulates on body is comparable to that by cigarette smoking (ALA 2009). This might contribute to the fact that rate of lung cancer has not significantly decreased although rate of cigarette smoking in Guangzhou is largely reduced (He 2009). In the short-term, pollution of particulates can be severe, or even death. Besides coughing and wheezing, asthma and dysfunction of lung may also be caused by exposure to particulate pollution. Previous researches have strengthened the relation between short-term to many public health problems. Hong et al. (2002) observe a positive link between increased PM concentration and stroke mortality in Seoul, Korea. Another research in Gaoxiong, Taiwan also implies the relation of particulate pollution with occurrence of strokes (Tsai et al. 2003). Long-term, or chronic exposure to particulate pollutants has significant health impact. According to Pope (2000), long-term particulate pollution can result in one to three years of human life shortening. Health impact of chronic air pollution can be seen in many ways in everyday life of Cantonese people, particularly in elder Cantonese people. Lung cancer has become a common disease in Guangzhou. In 2008, Dr. Nanshan Zhong, director of Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, discovered through operations that lungs of Cantonese above 50 years old were usually â€Å"black†, even if they did not have lung diseases (He 2009). But one needs to notice that this phenomenon is related to previous rather than present status of air quality in Guangzhou, because it is common only in the above-50 age group. 4. Conclusion: Ready for the Asian Lungs? Venues and infrastructure are being built. Personnel and volunteers are being trained or have already start working. Guangzhou is definitely making an effort to welcome the quests for Asian Games. But whether the air in Guangzhou is ready for the Games remains unclear. On one hand, the problem of air pollution in Guangzhou have caused severe public health problem, and does not have a simple solution. Past research also shows that air quality is worse in winter and spring than in summer and autumn (PRDAIR 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009). These have all given rise to health concern and may potentially undermine the 16th Asian Games. However, on the other hand, environmental monitoring data indicate that air quality in Guangzhou is improving, and Guangzhou Municipality has implemented a strict air quality management plan with clearly defined responsibility for specific departments. It is also considering some of the successful strategies taken in Beijing Olympic Games 2008. (Guangzhou Municipality 2008) Judging from previous successful experience of SO2 emission reduction and Olympic Games, the new implementation plan seems promising. Therefore, it is still difficult to determine whether Guangzhou will be able to manage its air quality to a satisfactory level and provide the Asian Games with clean air. But regarding the governments strong will to tackle air pollution, it is possible that air pollution could be managed for the Asian Games, but it is highly likely that most of the pollution reduction would be temporary rather than sustainable, and air pollution would slightly rebound after the Asian Games. References American Lung Association (ALA). 2009. State of the Air 2009. New York: Hard Copy Printing. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2006. Urban Air Quality Management: Summary of Country/City Synthesis Reports across Asia. Philippines: Asian Development Bank. Google Maps. URL: http://maps.google.com. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Development District Planning Bureau (GDDPB). 2007. ‘Map of Guangzhou after Adjustment. URL: http://ghj.luogang.gov.cn/old/zcfg/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=60. [consulted 5 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Environmental Protection (GZEP). 2010. Online environmental information reporting and searching services. URL: http://www.gzepb.gov.cn/was40/api/. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou International. ‘Facts, official website of Guangzhou Municipality. URL: http://www.gz.gov.cn/vfs/web/gzeng_new/Facts.html. [consulted 3 Feb 2010]. Guangzhou Municipality. 2004. Announcement on restricting motorbikes in parts of urban area. Suifu [2004] No. 11. 2008. 2008-2010 air pollution in the implementation of comprehensive improvement plan. Guangzhou. He, L. D. 2009. Cheng shi kong qi wu ran diao cha: Guang zhou zen me le [Survey on urban air pollution: what has happened to Guangzhou?]. Xinmin Weekly, 16 Apr 2009. Hong, Y., Lee, J., Kim, H., Ha, E., Schwartz, J. and Christiani, D.C. 2002. Effects of Air Pollutants on Acute Stroke Mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives 110(2): 187-191. Pope, C. A. 2000. Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health: biological mechanisms and whos at risk? Environ Health Perspect 2000(108): 713-723. Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network (PRDAIR). 2005. A report of Monitoring Results in 2005. Report Number: PRDAIR-2005-1. 2006. A report of Monitoring Results in 2006. Report Number: PRDAIR-2006-2. 2007. A report of Monitoring Results in 2007. Report Number: PRDAIR-2007-2. 2008. A report of Monitoring Results in 2008. Report Number: PRDAIR-2008-2. 2009. A report of Monitoring Results for the Period between January and June 2009. Report Number: PRDAIR-2009- Tsai, S.S., Goggins, W.B., Chiu, H.F., and Yang, C.Y. 2003. Evidence for an association between air pollution and daily stroke admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 2003(34): 2612-2616. World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide (Global Update 2005). Switzerland: WHO. Yuan, D. 2009. Guang zhou tou 6 yi zhi kong qi wu ran [Guangzhou invests 600 million against air pollution]. Nanfang Daily, 6 Jul 2009. The RAQI, used by governments of Guangdong and Hong Kong to jointly report regional air quality, is a composite indicator for measuring the aggregate level of SO2, NO2, ozone and respirable suspended particulates (PM10). The higher the index value, the higher the regional air pollution levels. The index value is in positive relation to the higher the regional air pollution levels. (PRDAIR 2008)

fully just? :: essays research papers

Fully Just? The death penalty debate is an extremely controversial issue affecting the world today. In today’s society, people argue whether the death penalty is an acceptable form of justice. In America, the pros and cons of the death penalty are an ongoing debate. Countless questions arise whenever someone mentions the death penalty. Is Capital Punishment just? The death penalty is just. As a citizen of the United States, I am interested in this issue because I live under the statutes of the American justice system. Someone who disagrees with the death penalty claims that it is wrong to promote murder, yet he or she promotes murder by opposing an equal punishment for those who commit the crime. Not executing criminals who commit horrific crimes is preserving a life that has devalued all life. People have been sentenced to death for various forms of wrongdoing all throughout history. One can trace back execution all the way to the crucifixion of Jesus. Stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, impaling, and beheading are other forms of punishment that people used hundreds of years ago. These previous methods are found cruel and unusual and evolve to what we refer to today as modern capital punishment. Capital Punishment today is the legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law and is justly so. Since 1976, capital punishment is accomplished through various means; lethal injection (primarily), electrocution, and gas chamber are the most prominent (Death Penalty Information Center). These new methods are more efficient and less inhumane for the party receiving the sentence of death. Thirty-eight states across the country currently take part in capital punishment; thirty-seven of which use lethal injection as the primary means. The law executes both men an d woman for various crimes, but for the most part the severity of the punishment increases with the severity of the crime (Death Penalty Information Center). The crime most punished with the death penalty is murder, and rightfully so. Society is better off without people who commit inhumane crimes. Opponents of the death penalty commonly portray the death penalty as a barbaric "eye for an eye" approach to criminal justice. Although most parts of the world do not take this philosophy literally, our culture still follows the spirit of this law. In America, two out of every three people support the death penalty, about sixty-six percent (Death Penalty Information Center).

Marketing Strategy of Lv

21/12/2011 Marketing Strategy analysis of LVMH with a special focus on LV Industry overview: Louis Vuitton Malletier is commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton, sometimes shortened to LV, is French luxury fashion and leather goods’ company. The company was founded in 1854, and now is the cornerstone of LVMH and its main division carrying almost a quarter of the total group. LVMH is the world leader in the luxury industry. It was established in 1987 through the union of three brands: Louis Vuitton, Moet and Henessy. This union gave birth to a global group that, in addition to leather goods and spirits, brings together to the distribution, a big variety of brands in all segments of the luxury: perfumes, jewelry, watches and also champagne. Through its policy of brand development and expansion of its distribution network abroad (more than 2300 stores worldwide), LVMH has became, since its creation in 1987, a part of a strong growth: it is now the first capital in France and the thirteenth in the world, with 77000 employees of which 74% are based outside France and that share the same values of the groupe. Corporate strategy: A strategic segmentation: In the luxury sector, LVMH has invested in six different strategic business areas: wines and spirits, fashion and leather goods, perfumes and cosmetics, watches and jewelry, selective distribution and other activities. Louis Vuitton is trying to represent by its products, the most refined qualities of Western â€Å"Art de Vivre† around the world. The company is also trying to continue to be synonymous with both elegance and creativity in leather products, blending tradition and innovation through their products and kindling dream and fantasy. How Louis Vuitton attracts its costumers: Louis  Vuitton  is  a luxury brand  belonging to  LVMH which  is  the most  valued  brand  in  the world of luxury. Since 1854  this  has been succeeding with  its  luxury  luggage  first and  then with  fashion industry  (especially with collections  by Marc Jacobs). Louis  Vuitton  has introduced  many advertising campaigns,  but ten years of fashion communication have overshadowed the house. The company realized that customers were less sensitive to the values that were associated with the brand. Therefore the company wanted to put aside while the commercial communication by focusing on a more institutional in order to enhance the house and not just the products. Louis  Vuitton  then chose to move from product communication  to  corporate communications. The goal is  to communicate  the values and philosophy of  the brand and its  leitmotiv:  the trip. To create  a  close relationship with its  customers, the Internet  appears  to be the best means of communication  (interactivity, photos,  videos  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ) The fundamental value  that is conveyed  is the  trip. Today  the concept  has evolved in  travel  habits  (mass tourism, development of  low cost), becoming very usual and then there is no  more magic in the  travel or  escape. In this new  communication campaign  LV  seeks to use the concept of  journey  from  idea  to  idea of   physical  personal journey (passenger). Two of LV advertisements that are using the trip concept Main objectives of the company: Long term objectives: The group  aims to ensure the  sustainability of the company  by focusing  on  core brands  like the  capital  (pillars)  of the 5  areas of  LVMH. In addition,  LVMH  has  the opportunity to gain  market share, eclining  his offer  of  new niches  (accessories). It must continue to invest  for growth. Short term objectives: LVMH wants to achieve a rapid return to the strategic activities such as selling on the Internet like on â€Å"eLUXURY. com† These activities can be  reta ined in the  portfolio ones  because they  do not monopolize  considerable energy  over the long term  and  are a source of  direct profitability  (high margin). Analysis of the four Ps strategy: Product  : Louis Vuitton’s products are very distinguished by their â€Å"absolute quality† and very high price. The aim of LVMH is also to make people feel a big difference between any brand and a brand Louis Vuitton. Therefore a strong image is needed to achieve those aims. One of the big issues that touch LV products is counterfeiting which the company is trying hardly to fight against with enlightenment campaigns, distribution of warning notices to companies, registering the trademarks and designs and making some activities with the Union des Fabricants which is a public interest incorporated association that carries out trademark protection activities. The company is also working on prohibiting appraisal of authenticity by officially sanctioning stores that are alone able to verify whether an article is genuine or not, but also using the mass media to tell people about some details to take into account before appraising whether an LV good is genuine or not. By choosing not to make cheap goods at all, LV is also prohibiting second-line operations or what we call lower-cost alternatives. This can be sort of limitation to a greater expansion but a good choice to the company to stay in the luxury area. Another principle of LV product is that LV is an independent manufacture that is prohibiting outlet product production in order to control the brand value and making a real control on the prices. LV has also a special order service for customers that would like to buy customized and order-made products. Price: LV goods prices are very high, but their value is also of a very high level. The prices are widely accepted by women. The company is trying then to keep the trust the costumers have in its reliable pricing, especially by prohibiting exorbitant pricing, bargain sales, sales in value sets, surprise price changes, pricing in odd prices†¦ Place: LVMH has no boundary; its market is global, taking into account national or regional areas. The company has a geographical strategy that is built on the sentence: â€Å"Think global, act local†. The value of having a global market is to overcome the vagaries of economic conditions (fluctuations in exchange rates, etc. .. ), social (war, etc. .. and demographic issues (emerging Asian countries, etc. .. ). This allows them to meet the specific demands of the market better than in other possible way: for example, the Italians prefer sweet taste champagne that can be adapted to be the right product for them, with mixtures of wines and grapes varieties that are specific to champagne. On the other hand the internationalization of sales allows the company t o respond to many different behavioral changes of consumers. Moreover, LVMH is seeking to emerge new markets with very high potential such as China and India. LVMH benefits from the liberalization of world trade. Promotion: LV in comparison with most companies that use mass advertising, never advertise on television but only on magazines and newspapers with non aggressive sales ads, just images. The brand represents the discovery, travel, sophistication, elegance and creativity. When such words are associated with a company we understand that communication must be really special. Louis Vuitton does not use media such as radio and television media that are surely too popular. Louis Vuitton, because of the demands in women's magazines (Elle, Vogue, Madame Figaro ,†¦ , advertisements published in its journals always have a particular theme (urban, fables, seven deadly sins ,†¦ ). To promote its goods, Louis Vuitton prefers to also organize special events such as Concours d'Elegance car and the America's Cup (also known as Louis Vuitton Cup). The brand,  as  for other firms, is  using  the front  of  the stores  being b uilt for  advertising. For example  in New  York  can be seen  at a height of  over 20 meters  Jennifer  Lopez,  new ambassador  of  Vuitton's flagship products  carry  the brand. Vuitton  also  does not hesitate  to call on  great personalities  to represent  the company. The parades  are  also a good way to  make them known. The target  is not only the  public who  attended the  parade (a few hundred people), but  the people who  hear about  in the press and  other media. LV marketing strategy is also based on a special process of diversification: To stay number one in the luxury sector, LVMH group usually offers a similar product line to the 4 corners of the planet, but in different ways. LVMH is seeking to reach a new clientele that is willing to â€Å"splurge†. They have access to luxury by ancillary products already present in the product range; it requires no new skills or additional skills. This diversification marketing involves distinctive innovations both in the cut of clothes (packaging for perfumes) that the composition of handbags (new materials). All this requires a research and development performance, bringing together the best designers to get a head start as soon as possible and find the trend. Weaknesses of Louis Vuitton and propositions for better strategy: LV products are the most copied in the World, which is not the case of other luxury companies like Hermes for example. Indeed, Counterfeiting is a real problem for the segment of luxury products. The â€Å"extension† of the brand could contribute to the loss of image and prestige. To remedy this, Louis Vuitton is strongly committed to the fight against counterfeiting by establishing a specific team to sensitize the consumer and arrest the counterfeiters around the world and especially in countries where the phenomenon is more present like China. Also, the prices of LV products are not the same around the world: they are 50% higher in Asia and 25% higher in the U. S. In addition, foreigners that are residing outside European community can benefit from a tax refund. It is therefore more interesting for many foreigners to buy Louis Vuitton products in France, thus we have a great development of the traffic around this brand. Indeed, there are many consumers that buy LV products in France and then resale them to foreigners. Others collaborate with foreigners and accept to act as intermediaries for the purchase of these products, with taking a commission for this service. The resale of a product devalues its image as luxury item; the resoled product loses its charm and uniqueness: it becomes such a commodity and no longer a luxury product. To prevent this, LV has to develop more its computer control of sales. And since the luxury market is an area of a big concurrence, LVMH is always required to be distinguished from the others, to keep innovating its products, marketing, advertisements themes and in the same time defending its values†¦ And since it has became a worldwide known brand, may be to make some customization in production, sales and marketing for each culture, I would like to propose to make for come chosen countries special processes of production , sales and advertising that meet but also emerge from their culture†¦ References: * http://www. iasdr2009. org/ap/Papers/Orally%20Presented%20Papers/Design%20Management/Luxury%20Brand%20Strategy%20of%20Louis%20Vuitton. pdf * http://veronique. estienne. free. fr/doc/SLIDE. htm

Understand The Supreme Court Via Listening To Supreme Court Arguments essays

Understand The Supreme Court Via Listening To Supreme Court Arguments essays Second only to watching the proceedings in person or perhaps seeing them on television, listening to the Supreme Court justices argue and debate about a case was an informative and unique experience. Although I was aware of how the court system worked before listening to this proceeding, I was unaware about several of the stylistic processes involved in arguing a case. For example, I was not aware that each side had time requirements and that the proceedings were carried out in a more question-and-answer style. Hearing the justices ask questions of each other, probing the issue and the position of the other client with vigor but not hostility was also an informative and interesting glimpse into how our laws are interpreted. Because I wanted to consider an argument that is very relevant to todays politics, I choose Reno V. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. This case dealt with both illegal aliens and terrorism, too hot issues in todays United States. Essentially, the case revolved around six men who were threatened with deportation. It was the reason for this deportation that was disputed. The government claimed that the men were being deported for a variety of valid reasons, working with out a permit and failing to maintain student status among them. The young mens attorneys, however, argued that they were being deported because they were associated with a certain group that the government interpreted as being a threat. The young men had engaged in several activities that were legal, such as distributing magazines, activities that were protected by first amendment rights. The attorneys for this group were arguing that this process was selective, that they were chosen for deportation because of their political affiliation. Thus, the Supreme Court was arguing whether or not it was legal for the government to selectively deport those whom it sees as a threat if they have committed some type of ...

Baron Friedrich von Steuben essays

Baron Friedrich von Steuben essays von steuben was born in magdeburg, germany in 1730. he attended jesult schools in bresaiu. he entered the prussian army's officer corps, and served in the seven years war. he then joined fredrick the greats military staff. he next was appointed chamberlain to the prussian court of hohenzollern hechingen. in 1777, von went to parns to meet america's foreign commissioners, benjamin franklin and silas deane offered them his, military services.who was impressedby von stuebons title, immediately sent him to gearge washingtons at valley forge he crossed the atlantic ocean from germany to drill george washingtons (soldiers) troops. von faught the american militia. many eupopean military formations and other war stralegies. ina few days washington saw a great difference in the cordination, awareness and knowledged of his soldiers arrived in plymouth n.h in 1778 to aid these americans in a fight for independence w.c.a. although he spoke no enlish, he systematically trained the amature, americ an troops in military discipline and battle readiness. the rigorous training saved the troops from complete defeat during the battle of mamouth. in 1779 von prepared his book "regulations of order and discipline for troops of the u.s" which remained americas official military manual for over 3 decades.it is still being used today in the military system today. later in the war, von commanded the war supply center and faught at yorktown. afterword, washington employed him in avarety of duties, from the creation of a plan to demobilize the wartime army to the acceptance of britian's surendered canadian forts. von also helped to found the society of cincinnati, and then resigned his american commision in 1784, after the war the new york legislature granted von an estate. he recieved a small pension from the u.s government, but relied on friends like alexander hamilton to settle his mounting dates. von died on november 28, 794. he was burried in new york in steu...

Impact of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Impact of Globalization - Essay Example Also, because of globalization, most firms were able to launch their products worldwide in a bid to make huge profits. Toyota, for instance, is a motor vehicle manufacturer founded in Japan but in an attempt to increase its revenue it had to spread to countries like the United States and other continents. The same goes for Ford Motor Company that started as an â€Å"International New Venture†. In addition to this, globalization made it possible for some countries to get what they could not produce cheaply as the cost of producing the same could have been higher than buying from international corporations. In spite of the possible advantages of going global, it is argued that this idea has a dividing factor between countries. The fact that governments are put in a situation whereby they must choose between a number of different companies from different countries is seen to be insinuating that there would be bad relations with corporations that are not chosen. Furthermore, the r ole of the government has been changed. The state ought to protect its interests by virtue of its sovereignty, but globalization forces state to privatize their agencies so as to benefit from the advantages that come with privatization. Turning to privatization in a bid to do business affects the government’s role in deciding how to run its agencies and this greatly dictates who may be sponsored to ascend to political power so that they may be easily influenced to sing to the tunes of these international corporations.

Budget Support to SME for Malaysian budget 2013 Article

Budget Support to SME for Malaysian budget 2013 - Article Example Moreover, SMEs are also differentiated on the ground of turnover or total balance sheet amount over a certain period of time (European Commission, â€Å"Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)†). The role of SMEs currently played within the context of a developing nation can be well-explained with the illustration of Malaysian economy. In the current day context of Malay economy, SMEs play important functions in order to develop the industrial sectors. Furthermore, SMEs are considered as significant contributors for the development of the Malaysian economy (Radam, Abu and Abdullah, â€Å"Technical Efficiency of Small and Medium Enterprise in Malaysia: A Stochastic Frontier Production Model†). In Malaysia, SMEs are identified in accordance with activities performed, the size of the enterprises along with the extent of turnover attained by these entities over a certain period (Saleh and Ndubisi, â€Å"An Evaluation of SME Development in Malaysia†). Malay SMEs are defined into two categories, i.e. (1) manufacturing services and agro-based industries and (2) service, primary agriculture as well as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based on their annual turnovers and their total worker population. SMEs in the manufacturing services and agro-based industries segments operate with the manpower of around 150 employees on a full time basis. Additionally, the annual turnover of these enterprises accounts to around RM 25 million (Saleh and Ndubisi, â€Å"An Evaluation of SME Development in Malaysia†). On the other hand, SMEs of the service, primary agriculture as well as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sectors employ around 50 workers on a full time basis, while, the annual turnover of these enterprises are accounted to be around RM5 million (Saleh and Ndubisi, â€Å"An Evaluation of SME Development in Malaysia†). Contextually,

Transformational Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transformational Learning - Essay Example The significant feature of power is that it is the function of Dependency. The greater the person is dependent on the first person; the greater is the first individual’s power in the relationship. Team work is vital in an organization. Triumphant teams accomplish the strategic goals if they are efficient. Teams are most successful when different group of workers are participating. Restricting the number of teams on which only one employee may contribute. Team has a habitual meeting schedule. A new employee is added to the team. Transformational leadership style situates eminent values for imitation. The encouraging inspiration gives the adherents with challenges along with a suggestion for appealing in joint purposes and accomplishments. Transactional leadership engrosses dependent support. Cohorts are aggravated by the manager’s assurance, admiration, and remuneration. Transformational Leaders are those who provide individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation and who possess charisma. They pay attention to the concerns and growth needs of individual followers, awareness of issues by helping them to look at old problems in new ways and they are able to motivate and inspire followers to put out additional effort to achieve group goals. Transactional leaders are those who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals clarifying role and task requirements. These leaders encourage followers to rise above their own self interest for the good of the organization and who is capable of having a deep and astonishing effect on his or her followers. Organization culture is the common perception held by organizational associates, a system of shared meaning. This system is a set of key characteristics that the organization values. Transformational Leadership and organizational culture are supposed to be firmly entwined. The leaders should have a profound consideration of the distinctiveness as well as force of the

Current Trends in Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Current Trends in Human Resource Management Essay Technology is ubiquitous. Whether you are in the industrialized world or developing markets, a growing number of people are connecting with mobile devices like colorful cell phones and very portable computers like Apple’s iPad. This allows people to communicate across archaic boundaries within companies or externally across the world. They have instant access to information and to people. brilliant CEO’s are thinking about ways to leverage this technology explosion. Many are already experimenting with virtual teams, non-traditional workplaces, and flatter corporate structures. How will your company leverage technology? Are there ways to connect more effectively with co-workers, customers, or investors? Can access to information abet to hurry the company more effectively? Have you identified what information is necessary to your success and how it should be shared? Will you exercise an enterprise platform like SAP or Peoplesoft, or will you simply spend basic services like email and the Internet? So, the basic examine from a human resource perspective is how to utilize technology to connect people and information to your advantage. If you are not thinking about all of this, rest assured that your competitors are already experimenting with the modern technologies. originate positive that you don’t pick up left in the dust. Global Marketplace As demonstrated during the unusual downturn, worldwide economic activity is more interdependent than it ever has been in the past. Although trade has crossed borders even before the Silk Road was traveled by Marco Polo, in today’s global marketplace what happens in one country usually has a dramatic impact in another. The largest economies like the US, China, Japan, nd Europe are so interdependent that their leaders meet periodically at the G-20 summits to discuss issues of mutual interest and favorite strategies. Smaller countries that were formerly called third-world countries are now called emerging markets because they have the most robust growth. It is now also possible to do business across borders more easily using global transportation services like DHL , FedEx, and UPS. Even minute businesses have the opportunity to compete or bewitch supplies from outside their local marketplace. This is a growing trend and remarkable of the growth will be outside of the developed countries. So, how is your company positioned to participate in this growth? Can you tap into modern markets or get suppliers or contract workers at lower cost? Can you partner with other businesses or agencies in different markets at home or abroad? If you are looking for recent customers, project workers or current opportunities, then it only makes sense to believe about strategies that would allow your company to participate in the global economy. How can your company tap into the growth in the emerging markets? More specifically from an human resources perspective, can you leverage contract workers for projects or benefit staff? While this may not be feasible for every business, it might be more viable than you deem. Workers who do their job primarily at a computer can do this unbiased as well in another space or country. This is especially proper if you have the just technology platforms or exercise cloud computing. While there are security, cultural, and other issues to address, don’t let the opportunities pass you by honest because you haven’t understanding globally about your business in the past. The future is a global marketplace. deem globally. Rising Costs of Benefits In the United States, health care and succor costs generally have been rising at an unsustainable rate. modern federal health care legislation may address some issues; however, it is tranquil very likely that the costs will continue to rise. Thus, companies will be looking to shift the burden for the costs of benefits. Some of this will be shifted to the government, some will be shifted to workers, and peaceful other benefits will unbiased be chop because they are no longer affordable. Many companies have already chop their defined benefits pensions and retirement programs. Others have modified them to lower matching contributions when they aren’t making a profit. Others have shifted their health insurance to high-deductible plans which offer lower premiums, but also require workers to lift up mighty of the basic cost even when they exhaust health savings accounts. Thus the trend for many companies is to be more frugal with employee back offerings; however, other companies will consume their enhanced abet programs as a recruiting tool to attract the top talent in their industry. So each company must analyze their benefits in relation to their overall strategy to attract and support talent for their firm while balancing the overall costs of the programs. You must be able to reply the basic expect, â€Å"What is our compensation and benefits philosophy and how does if fit into our overall business strategy? Flexible Workplace The workplaces in the future will be more flexible. Once again, technology might be one of the driving considerations that makes this possible; however it is not the only factor. Younger generations are not only more accustomed to being treated differently, but in some cases examine that employers are flexible so that they can balance work-life issues. Unless there is a compelling reason for workers to be on spot during obvious hours, such as a doctor in an emergency room or a shift manager at a manufacturing facility, then employers should contemplate about how they can be more flexible in their workplaces. Allowing workers to tele-commute has both disadvantages as well as advantages, so there is not a simple legal or unsuitable retort for every company. However, design no mistake; some companies are working through these issues honest now so that they can offer flexibility for their employees that compliments their business strategies. This will be their key to attracting top talent. Demographics Demographics are definitely changing. In the United States where there is a tradition of immigration, there is a shift from the venerable white-male dominated workplace to a multi-cultural environment. This is happening at all levels from line-workers to management. Additionally, women will smash through the â€Å"glass ceiling† and rise to more senior management ranks. Beyond ethnic and gender considerations, age is also likely to play into the equation of workforce planning. Many leadership and managerial positions are now occupied by aging â€Å"baby-boomers† who will be retiring over the next five to ten years. This will inaugurate up current opportunities for younger workers, but only if they are prepared. On the other hand, some older workers will be working well past retirement age either because they haven’t saved for retirement or because they will be retained as famous employees due to their job experience. They might be willing to cease if their employer offers some flexibility like job sharing or a four-day work week. Outside of the US, industrialized nations will also need to deal with aging populations while the emerging countries will have younger workers who are involved to allotment in a more affluent lifestyle. Thus, CEO’s and HR managers are thinking about ways that their workforce will change in the next few years. Will you have ample leaders to replace aging baby-boomers? Will you need to relate younger workers to transfer the institutional knowledge that is currently retained by your more experienced staff? How will your company retract advantage of shifts to a more diverse workforce? These are all very famous questions that must have an reply if your firm is going to thrive in the future. Looking into the future is hard to do, especially in the 21st Century, but trends offer some clues. We live in a more complex and interconnect world. Events in one allotment of the world are speedily news everywhere over the internet, cable TV and mobile phones. Although it is an exaggeration to say that the gentle flutter from a butterfly’s glide in Asia can result in a hurricane on the other side of the globe, we seek the far reaching effects from events in one plot to other regions that would not have known about them in the past. Thus, it is notable to ogle for trends that will impact our world. If you can capitalize on the changes that result from the trends, then you can prepare to either pick advantage of them or minimize their despicable impact. These five trends in human resources trends are already impacting the diagram we do business. They will definitely continue to impact our world, and it is up to you to figure out how to leverage them to your advantage.

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Effective Use of Character Na

Effective Use of Character Names in The Lottery   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The common curse of mankind, --folly and ignorance† (Shakespeare).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were he alive, William Shakespeare might fully endorse Shirley Jackson’s ideas as presented in The Lottery.   The author, Jackson, very distinctly uses symbolic names for her characters to show the ignorance of the sacrificial lottery, which the small village holds year after year.   These sacrifices, which used to be held to appease the god of harvest, have grown meaningless in their culture.   Jackson uses the characters not only to visualize the story for the reader, but also each one has a meaning, which adds to the ultimate theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the leaders and MOST important MEN of the town is Mr. Summers.   Summer is a season of the year.   It is the season of growing, the season of life.   His name   represents partly the old pagan fertility ritual because the harvest that is being sacrificed to is being grown in the summer.   This is supposedly, according to Old Man Warner, what the lottery held each year was all about.   But, in this case, the harvest should be fine because the setting of the story tells us that â€Å"the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green† (74). Mr. Summers did many things to slowly wean the old tradition, the old harshness, out of the ordeal.   He had the wooden chips replaced with more convenient slips of paper.   He also â€Å"spoke frequently...about making a new box† (75), so, therefore, he also represented new ideas as well as old.   The new ideas that the close-minded village people would not accept.   If given the chance, Mr. Summers would have more than likely accepted and backed the motion to cease the lottery and stop the sacrifice.   Even though... ...haracters names to symbolize meanings that she could not get across to the reader any other way.   She showed how Mr. Graves’ sacrificial killing and Old Man Warner’s strong tradition was too much of a history for Mr. Summers new ideas and young Watson’s realizations.   Mrs. Hutchinson still got her hand in the box and the stone up the side of her head. I AM NOT SURE HOW, BUT YOU CAUSED ME TO LAUGH AT SUCH A SOLOMN STORY.   YOU DID A VERY GOOD JOB RESEARCHING YOUR TOPIC AND CITING YOUR SOURCES.   BE CAREFUL NOT TO USE CONTRACTION AND AVOID SLANG TERMS.   I THOUGHT YOUR CONCLUSION WAS A LITTLE ABRUPT, BUT IT WAS NOT BAD.   OVERALL THIS WAS A VERY GOOD PAPER AND I ENJOYED READING IT. Works Cited: Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." 1949 Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

Nationalism :: European Europe History

Nationalism One person or a group of people can take on a major role of the unification process that brings upon nationalism for their country. To get a better understanding of what nationalism is, one must learn the meaning of "nationalism." Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. Nationalism is a striving force that can help a country thrive. There are also different ways that a country can achieve nationalism. Two different people/organizations with two different tactics were able to achieve a feel of nationalism among their country. The first group that will be discussed is the IRA, or the Irish Republican Army. Mohandas Gandhi started the second movement of nationalism, with his belief of "passive resistance." These two thoughts were opposite in how nationalism was attempted to be achieved. The Irish Republican Army (IRA), was started on Easter in 1916, when a group of Irish militants refused to wait any longer for their independence from Britain. The small group launched a revolt against British rule. Although the Easter Rising was quickly suppressed, the execution of 15 rebel leaders stirred wider support for their cause. When Britain again failed to grant home rule in 1919, civil war erupted in Ireland. Members of the IRA carried on a guerrilla war against British forces and their supporters. Civilians were often caught in the crossfire. The constant battle for Irish independence continues today with its gory display of violence. The IRA's goal was and still is today to achieve Irish nationalism by the abolition of the British political influence in Ireland, especially Northern Ireland. Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. At the age of 19 he was sent to England to study law. After returning to India, he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined an Indian law firm in South Africa. For 20 years, Gandhi fought laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa. In his struggle against injustice, he adopted the weapon of nonviolent (passive) resistance. He called it satyagraha, or "soul-force." In 1914, Gandhi returned to India and joined the Congress Party. His ideas inspired Indians of all religious and ethnic backgrounds and he encouraged them to resist British rule. Above all, Gandhi preached the ancient tradition of ahimsa, nonviolence and reverence for all life. He applied this idea to fight the British rule. By using the power of love, he believed, people could convert even the worst wrongdoer to the right course of action.

Flatland

First Of all, the preceding ha If of the book dived into such detail as the protagonist, Square, explained the culture and many other aspects of flatland. For instance, he explained the the nature of other people, houses, class system et c. Afterward, once the novel proceeded into the latter half of the book, square began to experience other dimensions. At first, he had a vision of a single dimensional world, Leland. Here he attempted to explain the very nature of the second dimension to the king of Leland.This proved very ineffective as t he king was unable to comprehend other dimensions and proclaimed, † Instead of moving, you mere lye exercise some magic art of vanishing and returning to sight; and instead of any lucid description of your new World, you simply tell me the numbers and sizes of some forty of my retinue, facts know n to any child in my capital. Can anything be more irrational or audacious? Acknowledge your folly or depart from my dominions. † (peg. 51 ) T hough Square tried in many ways to help the kind of line eland to comprehend a second dimension, it was useless.Later on, Square got approached by a sphere re who attempted to explain the third dimension to Square. As though Square completely disregard deed the dream he had the night prior, he found great difficulty understanding the third dimension. He is only convinced when the sphere took Square outside Of flatland and into the third dimension. Here Sq rare had been able to look upon the same perspective as the sphere. Only in this instant did Square ace apt the sphere's words as truth After the sphere's work was done, he sent Square back to flatland where e it became his job to preach about the third dimension.Due to the laws against the belief of a third dimension, and Square's ewe obsession over this dimension, Square became imprisoned. This brings us up to present tense where Square is left in the prison, where he still attempts to convert his broth retro a believer of the th ird dimension. In my opinion, the author's purpose to exercise the imagination by worlds of other dimensions was accomplished fairly well. First of all, the whole book demands understand ins of another world and how the culture works. This put my mind to the test as being such a small boo k, the explanation of flatland was surely condensed.Secondly, the author uses complex language t roughest the book. Found this very interesting as the novel became a challenge to understand at some points. This helped my improve my vocabulary and also to better comprehend and even somehow at express writing in a more complex style. Overall, I enjoyed the majority of the book. Though in the beginning when flatland and everything within it was explained, I felt as though everything WA s merely a list to follow of what I needed to know about flatland. Believe that this section of the book could have been portrayed in a much more interesting manner.However, the latter half of the book was very intrigui ng as it contained the plot of the book. Lastly, one aspect of the novel which did not quite fancy was the portrayal of uselessness of women. For instance, the women in flatland are m ere lines and considerably unintelligent as proved in the explanation, â€Å"For as they have no pretensions t o an angle, being inferior in this respect to the very lowest of the Isosceles, they are consequently wholly y devoid of brainpower, and have neither reflection, judgment nor forethought, and hardly any memo y. (peg. 12) Perhaps being a feminist may make me have a little bit Of a bias, but I would much rather pr offer for women to be portrayed as equal as men. Though I did not enjoy this particular detail of the novel, there are multiple other things I found interesting. Many aspects of were intriguing to me. Firstly, the whole concept of worlds in other dimensions were at first hard to understand, but became easier as continue d with the book. This encouraged me to think how life would be fo r me if our world was constructed d of only two dimensions.Secondly, the idea put forth by Square about a fourth dimension was very into resting to me. To me, it seemed so simple to distinguish and understand the difference between the first, second, and third dimensions. However, was stumped as I tried to attempt to think of a world made up of four dimensions. Lastly, I also found the higher level vocabulary to be a great shall Eng. Though at some parts, it was difficult to get through a paragraph without using the dictionary a couple times, I enjoyed it nevertheless. Overall I enjoyed the book fairly well.Though the parts of the novel which I did slicked, the tedious beginning and women being the inferior gender, were very prominence t, the rest of the book was still immensely intriguing to me. The book played with my mind as I attempt d to picture a world of a fourth dimension, as well as others such as second and one dimension. I would d definitely recommend this book to others if they are looking for a challenging, but also interesting b ask to read. As long as they don't mind reading through the long introduction to flatland, I'm sure the eye would enjoy the book as much as did.

Musicals essays

Musicals essays Originally a distraction from the horrors of war during the 1940s and 1950s, the American Musical grew in popularity throughout the 20th century. The musical combines acting, dancing, and singing to form cohesive pictures that are still treasured today. The musical requires a collaborative effort between all elements of the film, whether musical or not. The lyrics, music, and dance have to collate with the plot, effects, and characterization to make a movie worth watching. Stars of the American Musical must be able to act, sing, and often dance, in order to get a part in a movie. Musicals must always appeal to a range of people, from a 5-year-old to an 85-year-old, to guarantee viewers. The musical always has catchy upbeat songs or slow ballads that the listener can sing along to, which provides more mass appeal. Some of the more common themes in musical theater include nostalgia, the Cinderella story, realism, and adaptations of literature. The nostalgia theme is seen in Oklahoma!, Carousel, and Showboat. The Cinderella story is represented by The King and I, The Sound of Music, and My Fair Lady. Realism can be seen in Annie Get Your Gun, The Unsinkable Molly Brown, and Newsies, which were all based on actual events from the past. Some musicals that are based on literature include The Phantom of the Opera, Jesus Christ Superstar, Jekyll The American Musical has gone through many changes since becoming a popular film genre. Early musicals were American versions of the English Operetta, such as The Student Prince. After this, genuine American Musicals were made, such as Annie Get Your Gun and Porgy and Bess. Then came realistic musicals such as South Pacific and Camelot, which were musicals with themes that most people could relate to because they were more believable, or actually true stories. Soon, even newer approaches to the American Musical were developed ...

shizikos daughter essays

shiziko's daughter essays Shizukos Daughter, a novel written by Kyoki Mori, is about a bold and brilliant twelve-year-old Yuki Okundo who suffers the loss of her mother by suicide. Shizuko, Yukis mother, is a loving mother with artistic talents that she has passed on to her daughter. Yukis ability to survive many losses is tested by many factors, but mainly by her heartless father and his new wife. Yukis coming of age is the result of the attack on her mothers memory, her father and stepmothers actions, mothers memory, and her mothers suicide. Yuki grows up strong and capable, and Shizuko has encouraged her daughter to be bold. Yuki fights boys and studies piano and she is also an outstanding student. Shizuko writes in her suicide note, "I do not do this rashly, but after much consideration. This is the best for all of us. Please do not feel guilty in any way. What has happened is entirely my responsibility. This is the best for myself as well as for you. I am almost happy at this last hour and wish you to be. In spite of this, please believe I love you. People will tell you that Ive done this because of I do not love you. Dont listen to them. When you grow up to be a strong women, you will know that this was for the best. My only concern now is that you will be the first to find me. Im sorry. Call your father at work and let him take care of everything. You are a strong person; you will no doubt get over this and be brilliant women. Dont let me stop or delay you. I love you." (Mori 6) Once Shizuko is gone there are many things that threaten Yuki's development. She must tolerate the harassing on her mothers memory, first by her Aunt Aya who removes the possessions of her dead mother, and then by the bitter Hanae. On the day of the funeral, Yuki takes shelter in her closet filled with colorful clothing all made for her by Shizuko. In her closet, with the sou...

Free sample - The US Government Should Not be Funding Arts.. translation missing

The US Government Should Not be Funding Arts.. The US Government Should Not be Funding Arts.Introduction First, what does "funding" refer to? Funding can be either direct or indirect. The US government was funding arts in this country before 1965 but that it took in-direct forms, including land grants, tax exemptions to educational and cultural institutions such as museums, and tax advantages for private donations of art to the public. This paper delves more onto direct state funding of the arts. The US arts system has no single control but instead, has a variety of public subsidies composing of roughly 13% of the nation’s total investment in nonprofit arts groups. The National Endowment for the Arts-NEA is the largest single funder of the arts across America, but the majority of direct public funding still flows from a combination of other federal, state, regional and local agencies. NEA in 2009 had a budget of US$155 million.   Even before the creation of the NEA in 1965, the issue of government in funding of the arts had been a contested one. Some justifications for governme nt arts funding are found, but it is noted that in embracing these justifications inappropriate consequences may be occur. Thus, in this paper it is urged that we refrain from government funding of the arts because the effects of such funding, would be deleterious to the art world. Much government funding is aimed at what might be thought of as the preservation of culture. It supports museums and repertory companies and is intent on keeping our culture intact. Other objectives of government funding target community art centers, regional theaters, and school programs. And funding may also be directed to professional artists for the purpose of enabling them to produce new works of art.    Whereas funding of museums looks to the past of our culture, funding professional artists is futuristic.   The preservation of culture, of course, is involved with education, which falls under the jurisdiction of the state . More to that, though not clearly, art preservation keeps us aware of who we have been, which informs our practical decisions about who we shall become. Support for the production of modern day art can also be defended as educational but, bluntly, contemporary art is not our heritage yet; nor is it clear how much of it will be or how far it will stand time.   If the aesthetic value of contemporary art would be used to justify prospective arts funding, it also will have unfortunate consequence in that it only warrants the funding of certain kinds of art, the art of the beautiful, the sublime, and that expressive of psychically balancing qualities. If no further justification can be found, the ill consequence of this is that the state can only fund a certain typ e of art. Artists pursuing certain non aesthetic aims cannot be funded by the state. If the government places large investments behind one type of art, the evolution of the art world will undoubtedly be affect ed. Whole avenues of artistic development will appear less viable than the production of aesthetic art. And from the contemporary art world's point of view, this kind of arts funding might be regarded as having a regressive effect overall.    Another justification used by proponents of arts funding is that it may function as an economic stimulant, promoting prosperity by, for example, attracting tourists. As far as this funding can be pegged to the state of the economy, it would appear to be a legitimate course of action, since functioning of economy is related to the state responsibilities. It is often difficult to imagine the way in which grants to individual artists for new works as opposed to city art centers can spur economic growth. An economic growth argument identifies the value of arts funding not with aesthetic or artistic value, but as an economic instrument. But despite this, the argument seems acceptable, although it can only be mobilized under certain constraints. Where   arts funding is employed to stimulate tourism or some other form of economic activity in a given area, the state must be convinced that there is no alternative form of intervention of comparable cost would yield greater prosperity in that area. More to that, where national rather than local economy is at issue, the state must supply some rationale why it is undertaking to stimulate tourism in one geographical region rather than another.      Another justification put forward is connecting arts funding to   employment. If state funding is not forthcoming, then many artists will be unemployed. Unemployment is a genuine matter of concern to the state. Massive unemployment is one of the great tragedies of our society, and we must demand that the state do something about it. Artists do not constitute a group that is comparable to unemployed youth. Justice and equal opportunity do not seem to bear on the issue of artistic unemployment. For instance, I may not be able to support my family as an unemployed poet; but that does not mean that I can't do it in another way, say, as a cook or a copywriter. It does not fall under the state's responsibilities in regard to the unemployed extend to guaranteeing that everyone have the job he or she most desires. The case of artistic unemployment involves people not able to pursue the line of work they most like, while youth unemployment at large involves people excluded from the work force altogether. Fairness can be used to ground government arts support. If a given government subsidizes the building of sports arenas, then, in all fairness, arts production should also be supported. If the government facilitates the pursuits of sports fans, then it should, as a matter of treating people equally, also facilitate the pursuits of arts fans, perhaps by means of supporting the creation of new art. But what, in such a context, justifies the subsidizing of sports? If nothing does, then perhaps what is required is that neither sports nor the arts be subsidized. Of course, a subsidy for a sport might be defended on the grounds that it stimulates the economy of an area; but then arts funding can, in principle, be similarly defended. Again, it does seem correct to say that if a majority, call them sports fans, demand sports funding in the face of opposition by a minority, call them arts lovers, then fairness urges that the leisure activity of the latter group also be supported, though perhap s not to the same extent. The deeper question, however, is whether any leisure activity should be supported. The advancement of the leisure professions may just not be an area the state should enter at all.    One of the earliest arguments in favor of government support of the arts is that the arts perform a moral function.   If art can function as a means of improving morality, then the state is justified in supporting it. Some art enables us to see the world from a different perspective, thus not only promoting the acquisition of a formal requirement of morality, but also enabling us to understand situations of different classes, races, creeds, and genders. Art, then, can foster greater tolerance within society and thereby bolster the moral order. If we argue from these grounds then state funding on moralizing grounds will be justified ,but   then only to that art which will increase moral sympathies. This will require some serious   research into the moral importance of different kinds of art. Art that afford no moral uplift cannot be funded. This raises problems like those encountered in an earlier discussion of the aesthetics value. If the state is funding only certain kinds of art and it enters the art world, putting its resources behind only moralizing kinds of art, then there is a danger that the development of the art world will be skewed in a certain direction. This violates our understanding   that   art should be pluralist and   independent of considerations of social utility.    Public arts funding primarily benefits the already advantaged. An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities   related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art(Wikipedia). Artist should be able to use their rare skills to improve their well being.    There is also an argument that public funding is necessary to promote innovation and dialogue among diverse points of view, so that groups that want to use the fine arts to challenge the status quo and advocate their unpopular world views and lifestyles can have a forum. However, while the common good requires tolerating the expression of unpopular points of view, the fact that most people do not share them suggests that the common good may not be served by supporting their expression. Even if it is, the government has no more business providing subsidies for such purposes. Indeed, many unpopular world views and lifestyles are at odds with traditional theism, and subsidizing them while not subsidizing theism would give the former an unfair advantage. People who think the expression of an unpopular viewpoint desirable should be fund it themselves just as religious believers should support their churches and missionary activities. The argument that public funding is necessary because some people have great and rare gifts that, due to lack of a market, otherwise will be lost. That might be true but the common good of political society is limited. It is not the proper role of the U.S. government to pursue all human goods in every possible way, and therefore not its business to subsidize every gift that otherwise will be fruitless. Some argue that subsidizing what initially appeals only to a few are necessary to foster a wide variety of creative initiatives that will elevate popular taste and tomorrow serve the multitude. Whether the funded work elevates anyone’s taste is arguable, but even supposing it does, can this indirect contribution to the common good justify the subsidy? Moreover, while some creative efforts that initially appeal to few eventually serve the masses, most do not, and it is hardly possible to show that public funding of some portion of art work is necessary for future cultural development. There are other needs calling for public funding, and some, plainly more pressing than this- for example, better basic education for the very poor- will surely put it to fruitful uses. One cannot justify spending for a dim and uncertain result when there are many urgent and promising alternatives. A recent argument draws a distinction between to view points of culture, Culture provides the particular paintings, performances, and novels, designs, sports and thrillers that we value and take delight in; but it also provides the structural frame that makes aesthetic values of that sort possible and makes them values for us. This structural frame includes a wealth of associations, references, images, and contrasts, which, like language, supply us with the tools with which we forge and map our common life. It insists that it is better for people to have a complex and multifarious cultural framework and that we owe future generations at least as rich a cultural framework as the one we inherited. Both these values can be achieved by promoting the creation of innovative art. Government support in this area is necessary because it "helps protect the fragile structure of our culture. This argument to endorse indirect rather than direct arts support by the government. But he does countena nce situations in which government support could be direct. At least two problems, however, beset this approach. First, there is the assumption that the structure of culture is fragile. When we look at the structure of culture, we note that it comprises many ingredients beside art-social dances, children's games, fashion, sports, religion, indeed the whole gamut of our symbolizing activities. These images become part and parcel of our ways of thinking; they are the very weave of our common culture. But it seems dubious to consider them to be fit beneficiaries of public funding. Yet if art deserves public funding because of its contribution to our cultural framework, so does anything else that similarly contributes, including, potentially, every sort of symbolizing activity, and notably some outlandish ones: hoopla-hoops, comic books, Billy Graham, the Watergate break-in, and so on. Government funding of anything involves government control. Proponents of arts funding are unaware of this peril when they praise the role of the national endowments as an seal of approval on artists and arts groups. This could lead to politicization of arts. Another claim used to justify public funding of arts is equal arts participation.   Participation in arts can not only be attributed to state funding and subsidy but may also be attributed to two other possible factors, that is; Groups that are inclined to participate even without state funding especially those with high income and highly educated may be attending in higher numbers; or, groups that formerly attended in lower rates for example, low income and education and certain ethnic groups may also be participating more given the rise in public support. Accordingly, If state art support truly makes the arts more available and accessible, then   it would be expected that an even more evenly distributed scenario of participation in states that provide more funding would be witnessed. Unequal participation in arts appears on several levels; in education, income, race, and geographic location. People will always participate in the arts at unequal levels, and statistical evidence confirms that participation in arts differs by various populace groups. Although income alone may not accurately predict participation at the individual level, a more complete picture is seen when economic   theory of choice is combined with other social and individual background characteristics that help determine preferences such as education level, racial alignment, income, and location. Therefore, participation inequalities occur not only because of variations of individual tastes, but also because of other social and cultural influences on the choice and ability to participate in arts.   The cultural equity argument for government support, depends on the problem of unequal access. The depends on the fact that factors beyond individuals’ immediate control prevent them from taking part in opportunities availed by participation in arts. Equal access can be categorized into three concepts: equality of opportunity, rights, opportunity, and of participation. Use of state funding to correct for unequal access is a form of redistribution. Redistribution through arts funding is skewed, since it favors those to whom art and the aesthetic are more important over those to whom it is less important. So, the best form of redistribution of state resources would be direct transfers to the less fortunate. Proponents of state funding will also argue that by funding arts the state is safeguarding the welfare of the citizens. But welfare, as it applies to as a state role, refers to assistance to individuals in need of the basic commodities that comprise a living. Is it practical to suppose that arts funding provides some such a commodity?   An analogy would be to say that someone needs Y is to say that they lack it, they will suffer injury, sickness, madness, hunger, or avoidable death. Does the production of contemporary artworks assist individuals in needful situations such as these? The answer is no. Some proponents of public funding will attempt to connect state arts support to the state's welfare function by   introducing a concept of aesthetic welfare. Aesthetic welfare is defined as all the aesthetic levels of the experience of members of the society at a given time. It is then suggested that there is a prima facie government duty to preserve the aesthetic wealth of society wh ere that wealth-pictures, plays, and so forth-is what gives rise to aesthetic welfare. It is not certain, however, that this particular notion of aesthetic welfare helps the case for prospective arts funding since it may be that, if there were such a prima facie duty, retrospective arts funding might suffice to discharge it. Also, one must question whether the connection between "aesthetic welfare" and the concept of welfare relevant to government activity is really unequivocal. First, "aesthetic welfare" doesn't correlate with de-finable needs, especially basic needs; nor does being below the poverty line imply being aesthetically disadvantaged. And clearly promoting individuals' aesthetic welfare will not raise them over the poverty line. More-over, the state's welfare responsibility under this conception of aesthetic welfare doesn't seem to be directly connected to individuals but is a matter of ensuring that there will be a large number of aesthetic objects around so that people can have aesthetic experiences if they want them. The state is to ensure the permanent possibility of high levels of what is called aesthetic welfare but might better be called aesthetic well-being. This well-being is to be secured for society at large, construed additively, whereas the state's welfare responsibilities are discharged toward particular per-sons, viz., anyone in need. Thus the notion of aesthetic welfare" appears not to refer to welfare of the kind that defines the state's proper domain of activity; it is merely a homonymous term that, though sounding like the concept employed in the discussion of the state's welfare responsibilities, is actually quite separate. Lastly, the idea that art will disappear if the government does not support it, and if the state does not fund new art, no one else will. Of course, this is a false claim, and a dubious one at that. The arts flourished in democratic societies before the coming of direct public funding; there is no reason to suppose that they will disappear without the direct government funding of new arts. Where people are interested in art, there will still be an audience to support new work. Were there no audience whatsoever, it would be difficult to determine on what basis the government would justify funding new art. SUMMARY In conclusion, there do appear to be some theoretical justifications for possible government funding of art. The two important   justifications seem to be those concerning the aesthetic environment and the moralizing effects of the arts.   For they endorse the funding of only certain types of art. Government support for only certain types of art may indeed disturb the structure of artistic production and perhaps destroy the art world as we know it.